Volume 35,Issue 6,2007 Table of Contents
2007, 35(6):763-770.
Abstract:
Based on the CALPUFF Modeling System, a regional ambient air quality appraisal system was established for Xi'an. An introduction to the system is given. On the basis of the meteorological data information system and the regional ambient air quality appraisal and forecast system (CALPUFF ) and meteorological data of 2004, the pollution emission inventory and current background status data, and the CALPUFF simulation system, the numerical simulation and analysis are made of the planned construction area status around emission sources, and the characteristics and regularities of pollutants dispersion in five planed construction areas are demonstrated. The differences of urban air pollution influencing factors in different areas are analyzed, and the regional ambient air quality appraisal of the five planed construction areas is quantitatively described.
Based on the CALPUFF Modeling System, a regional ambient air quality appraisal system was established for Xi'an. An introduction to the system is given. On the basis of the meteorological data information system and the regional ambient air quality appraisal and forecast system (CALPUFF ) and meteorological data of 2004, the pollution emission inventory and current background status data, and the CALPUFF simulation system, the numerical simulation and analysis are made of the planned construction area status around emission sources, and the characteristics and regularities of pollutants dispersion in five planed construction areas are demonstrated. The differences of urban air pollution influencing factors in different areas are analyzed, and the regional ambient air quality appraisal of the five planed construction areas is quantitatively described.
2007, 35(6):771-775.
Abstract:
The characteristics of urban air quality are analyzed in detail by means of the meteorological and environmental data. The results indicate that the high frequency of the sandy weather is the prime reason that made air quality worse. The shorttime and shortterm forecast equations of sandstorms and the statistical and latent equations of air quality are built up for different season s and different periods of time, respectively. It is proved by tests that the the systen performs well. The Fortran and VB languages are used in the design of the programs and the establishment of the air quality forecast system for Wuwei. This system includes three parts: the sandstorm forecast, earlywarning and service system; the air quality statistical forecast system; and the air quality potential forecast system. The interface designed by the VB language is directly connected with the MICAPS system, and there are multiple functions such as data processing, dynamic statistical forecasting, potential forecasting model, as well as data collecting and processing, model running, forecast display, results distributing, date inquiring, prediction scoring, etc. The system is simple, userfriendly, fast, and easy to operate and has abundant functions.
The characteristics of urban air quality are analyzed in detail by means of the meteorological and environmental data. The results indicate that the high frequency of the sandy weather is the prime reason that made air quality worse. The shorttime and shortterm forecast equations of sandstorms and the statistical and latent equations of air quality are built up for different season s and different periods of time, respectively. It is proved by tests that the the systen performs well. The Fortran and VB languages are used in the design of the programs and the establishment of the air quality forecast system for Wuwei. This system includes three parts: the sandstorm forecast, earlywarning and service system; the air quality statistical forecast system; and the air quality potential forecast system. The interface designed by the VB language is directly connected with the MICAPS system, and there are multiple functions such as data processing, dynamic statistical forecasting, potential forecasting model, as well as data collecting and processing, model running, forecast display, results distributing, date inquiring, prediction scoring, etc. The system is simple, userfriendly, fast, and easy to operate and has abundant functions.
2007, 35(6):776-780.
Abstract:
The high temperature days in 40 stations in Henna Province from 1961 to 2005 are analyzed using the EOF method. The accumulative variance contribution ratio and spatial distribution indicate that the first three modes can represent the main distribution of summer high temperature days in Henan, since their accumulative contribution reaches to 85%. The temporal and spatial types of high temperature days in Henan summer can be divided into three patterns: uniform, NWSE difference and SWNE difference modes. The time coefficient series of the first mode varies most obviously, and the second one varies less. The time series of the first mode shows that the number of summer high temperature days in Henan has a decline with the periods being 2 to 4 years and 8 to 14 years, and the present is in a period of morethannormal high temperature days. By use of the daily ECMWF grid data in the Northern Hemisphere at 20:00 at 500 hPa, the circulation patterns from 1991 to 2005, when there occurred largearea persistent high temperature weather, are examined. The two synoptic conceptual models of summer high temperature in Henan are constructed: Baikal high and subtropical high modes.
The high temperature days in 40 stations in Henna Province from 1961 to 2005 are analyzed using the EOF method. The accumulative variance contribution ratio and spatial distribution indicate that the first three modes can represent the main distribution of summer high temperature days in Henan, since their accumulative contribution reaches to 85%. The temporal and spatial types of high temperature days in Henan summer can be divided into three patterns: uniform, NWSE difference and SWNE difference modes. The time coefficient series of the first mode varies most obviously, and the second one varies less. The time series of the first mode shows that the number of summer high temperature days in Henan has a decline with the periods being 2 to 4 years and 8 to 14 years, and the present is in a period of morethannormal high temperature days. By use of the daily ECMWF grid data in the Northern Hemisphere at 20:00 at 500 hPa, the circulation patterns from 1991 to 2005, when there occurred largearea persistent high temperature weather, are examined. The two synoptic conceptual models of summer high temperature in Henan are constructed: Baikal high and subtropical high modes.
2007, 35(6):781-786.
Abstract:
The data of hourly surface intensive observation, captive balloon sounding, surface and radiosonde observation and NCEP are used to study the boundary layer structure and its formation causes of a fog event on 30 November and 1December 2004 over Beijing. The esults show that during the fog event, there was a trough crossing Beijing in the atmospheric boundary layer, weak wind and air cooling by radiation near the surface at night. There is a convergence area to pool the moisture air in the atmospheric boundary layer. The fferent structures of temperature, moisture and wind are revealed during the formation and growth of the fog in the atmospheric boundary layer. The formation causes of temperature and moisture features are revealed by dynamic diagnosis. The differences from the typical fogs are also discussed.
The data of hourly surface intensive observation, captive balloon sounding, surface and radiosonde observation and NCEP are used to study the boundary layer structure and its formation causes of a fog event on 30 November and 1December 2004 over Beijing. The esults show that during the fog event, there was a trough crossing Beijing in the atmospheric boundary layer, weak wind and air cooling by radiation near the surface at night. There is a convergence area to pool the moisture air in the atmospheric boundary layer. The fferent structures of temperature, moisture and wind are revealed during the formation and growth of the fog in the atmospheric boundary layer. The formation causes of temperature and moisture features are revealed by dynamic diagnosis. The differences from the typical fogs are also discussed.
2007, 35(6):787-791.
Abstract:
Based on the air pollution data provided by the Tianjin Environment Monitoring Station and the conventional meteorological data from 2000 to 2004，the characteristics of air quality and the causes of air pollution in Tianjin are analyzed. The results indicate that the major air pollutants are SO2 and PM10, and there are obvious regularities in temporal and spatial distributions in air pollution in Tianjin: air pollution is severer in winter and milder in summer; SO2 and PM10 improved distinctly in the central urban area of Tianjin; NO2 deteriorated in some areas; and meteorological conditions are important to air pollution.
Based on the air pollution data provided by the Tianjin Environment Monitoring Station and the conventional meteorological data from 2000 to 2004，the characteristics of air quality and the causes of air pollution in Tianjin are analyzed. The results indicate that the major air pollutants are SO2 and PM10, and there are obvious regularities in temporal and spatial distributions in air pollution in Tianjin: air pollution is severer in winter and milder in summer; SO2 and PM10 improved distinctly in the central urban area of Tianjin; NO2 deteriorated in some areas; and meteorological conditions are important to air pollution.
2007, 35(6):792-796.
Abstract:
Based on the measurement records of over 10 years, an analysis is made to reveal the seasonal variation pattern, long term trend and formation causes of acid rain in Tianjin. The statistic results show that obvious seasonal variation patterns exist in both the occurrence frequency of acid rain and the average pH value of precipitation. The acid rains with pH value lower than 5.6 appeared mainly in summer and autumn, but the acid rains with lower pH value appeared in autumn and winter. The result of analysis also shows an obvious decreasing trend of the frequency of acid rain in Tianjin in last 13 years. The possible reasons for this longterm trend are discussed. The reduction of the SO2 emission in Tianjin area is considered as an important contribution to the decreasing trend of the frequency of acid rain locally.
Based on the measurement records of over 10 years, an analysis is made to reveal the seasonal variation pattern, long term trend and formation causes of acid rain in Tianjin. The statistic results show that obvious seasonal variation patterns exist in both the occurrence frequency of acid rain and the average pH value of precipitation. The acid rains with pH value lower than 5.6 appeared mainly in summer and autumn, but the acid rains with lower pH value appeared in autumn and winter. The result of analysis also shows an obvious decreasing trend of the frequency of acid rain in Tianjin in last 13 years. The possible reasons for this longterm trend are discussed. The reduction of the SO2 emission in Tianjin area is considered as an important contribution to the decreasing trend of the frequency of acid rain locally.
2007, 35(6):797-802.
Abstract:
The characteristics of climate change in Shjjiazhuang are analyzed on the basis of the monthly air temperature and monthly rainfall data of the Shijiazhuang station from 1951 to 2005 by using the deviation analysis, trend analysis, wavelet transform and abrupt change analysis methods. The results show: (1) The temperature variability was mostly notable in winter and was small in summer and autumn. (2) There were obvious linearly increasing trends in the annual temperature and temperatures in four seasons, obviously in spring and winter. The warming in the recent 55 years can be attributed to the spring and winter temperature increase. There was no linear variation trend in annual precipitation and precipitation in four seasons. (3) The periodicities of annual temperature and temperatures in four seasons were not obvious, but there was periodicity in precipitation changes. (4) There were obvious abrupt changes in annual temperature and temperatures in four seasons, but the same changes are not found in annual rainfall and rainfall in each season.
The characteristics of climate change in Shjjiazhuang are analyzed on the basis of the monthly air temperature and monthly rainfall data of the Shijiazhuang station from 1951 to 2005 by using the deviation analysis, trend analysis, wavelet transform and abrupt change analysis methods. The results show: (1) The temperature variability was mostly notable in winter and was small in summer and autumn. (2) There were obvious linearly increasing trends in the annual temperature and temperatures in four seasons, obviously in spring and winter. The warming in the recent 55 years can be attributed to the spring and winter temperature increase. There was no linear variation trend in annual precipitation and precipitation in four seasons. (3) The periodicities of annual temperature and temperatures in four seasons were not obvious, but there was periodicity in precipitation changes. (4) There were obvious abrupt changes in annual temperature and temperatures in four seasons, but the same changes are not found in annual rainfall and rainfall in each season.
2007, 35(6):803-808.
Abstract:
The characteristics of air quality in Jinan are studied on the basis of the daily air pollution index (API) from 2001 to 2005. The average API was 96.2 for the period, and the number of days with good air quality accounted for 64.7%. Annual average numbers of days with slight pollution and middle pollution were 124.8 and 20 in the 5 year period, respectively. As a whole, the city is relatively polluted. The relationship of API and wind speed in Jinan has a Ushaped curve, with higher APIsat the wind speeds being less than 2 m/s and higher than 6 m/s and with lower APIs at the wind speeds in the range of 2 to 6 m/s. The moderate or above pollution was caused mainly by weather: sand storms or blowing sands followed by cyclones and cold fronts, and smog or fog followed by breeze. Clear air days were mainly accompanied with the weathers patterns affected by the rearward of cold fronts or cold highs.
The characteristics of air quality in Jinan are studied on the basis of the daily air pollution index (API) from 2001 to 2005. The average API was 96.2 for the period, and the number of days with good air quality accounted for 64.7%. Annual average numbers of days with slight pollution and middle pollution were 124.8 and 20 in the 5 year period, respectively. As a whole, the city is relatively polluted. The relationship of API and wind speed in Jinan has a Ushaped curve, with higher APIsat the wind speeds being less than 2 m/s and higher than 6 m/s and with lower APIs at the wind speeds in the range of 2 to 6 m/s. The moderate or above pollution was caused mainly by weather: sand storms or blowing sands followed by cyclones and cold fronts, and smog or fog followed by breeze. Clear air days were mainly accompanied with the weathers patterns affected by the rearward of cold fronts or cold highs.
2007, 35(6):809-813.
Abstract:
Based on the daily maximum temperature of midsummer (June to August) from 1950 to 2005, T213 grid wind data, and vertical velocity from June to August in the year of 2002 and 2003 in Wuhan, the climatic characteristics of midsummer high temperature, high mperature processes and characteristics of the western Pacific subtropical high activities are studied. The analysis results show that: there were five high temperature periods with the number of high temperature days being greater than normal: the late 1950s to early 1960s, the middle 1960s, the late 1970s, and the 1990s to the early and mid 2000s. The number of high temperature days was less than normal in the 1980s. To larger time scale, the hightemperature weather occurred in the periods from the late 1950s to 1960s and the late 1990s to the early 2000s. The severe high temperature processes occurred usually on the period from late July to the early August. The western Pacific Subtropical High was the main influencing weather system for high temperature and severe high temperature processes, which controlled the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River steadily. With the data of temperature prediction products and zonal winds from ECMWF and T213 products, a method of gray forecasting is proposed to build a forecast model of midsummer high temperature for Wuhan. The model was put to test in the midsummers of 2003 and 2006, and it is proved that it has a certain reference value in quantitative forecasting of high temperature.
Based on the daily maximum temperature of midsummer (June to August) from 1950 to 2005, T213 grid wind data, and vertical velocity from June to August in the year of 2002 and 2003 in Wuhan, the climatic characteristics of midsummer high temperature, high mperature processes and characteristics of the western Pacific subtropical high activities are studied. The analysis results show that: there were five high temperature periods with the number of high temperature days being greater than normal: the late 1950s to early 1960s, the middle 1960s, the late 1970s, and the 1990s to the early and mid 2000s. The number of high temperature days was less than normal in the 1980s. To larger time scale, the hightemperature weather occurred in the periods from the late 1950s to 1960s and the late 1990s to the early 2000s. The severe high temperature processes occurred usually on the period from late July to the early August. The western Pacific Subtropical High was the main influencing weather system for high temperature and severe high temperature processes, which controlled the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River steadily. With the data of temperature prediction products and zonal winds from ECMWF and T213 products, a method of gray forecasting is proposed to build a forecast model of midsummer high temperature for Wuhan. The model was put to test in the midsummers of 2003 and 2006, and it is proved that it has a certain reference value in quantitative forecasting of high temperature.
2007, 35(6):814-817.
Abstract:
On the basis of the 24hour observation in Xi'an from 1996 to 2005, the daily atmospheric stability and ABL (atmospheric boundary layer) thickness are calculated by using the method of correctional Pasquill and according to the national standard GB/T 384091. The distribution characteristics of stability and ABL thickness are analyzed month by month and year by year, respectively. The re sults shows that the wind is the important factor to determine the atmospheric stabilities and ABL thickness.
On the basis of the 24hour observation in Xi'an from 1996 to 2005, the daily atmospheric stability and ABL (atmospheric boundary layer) thickness are calculated by using the method of correctional Pasquill and according to the national standard GB/T 384091. The distribution characteristics of stability and ABL thickness are analyzed month by month and year by year, respectively. The re sults shows that the wind is the important factor to determine the atmospheric stabilities and ABL thickness.
2007, 35(6):818-821.
Abstract:
Using the data of monthly sunshine duration from 1953 to 2005 in Lhasa of Tibet, the interannual and interdecadal variations of the annual and seasonal sunshine duration are analyzed by means of the linear trend analysis method. The results show that the decreasing trends of the annual and seasonal sunshine duration were different during recent 50 years. The annual decreasing rate was 27.6 h/10a, and the trend is still getting stronger, especially in summer and autumn. The anomalies of annual sunshine duration were positive from the 1950s to 1980s, and became negative in the 1990s. The sunshine duration was obviously less in summer of the 1990s, abundant in winter of the 1960s. The annual sunshine duration was less than normal at the end of the 1990s, extremely less in 1998 and 2000; while there were more anomalous years in winter mainly in the 1950s. The results show that there was a decreasing trend in total annual mean cloudiness and low cloudiness.
Using the data of monthly sunshine duration from 1953 to 2005 in Lhasa of Tibet, the interannual and interdecadal variations of the annual and seasonal sunshine duration are analyzed by means of the linear trend analysis method. The results show that the decreasing trends of the annual and seasonal sunshine duration were different during recent 50 years. The annual decreasing rate was 27.6 h/10a, and the trend is still getting stronger, especially in summer and autumn. The anomalies of annual sunshine duration were positive from the 1950s to 1980s, and became negative in the 1990s. The sunshine duration was obviously less in summer of the 1990s, abundant in winter of the 1960s. The annual sunshine duration was less than normal at the end of the 1990s, extremely less in 1998 and 2000; while there were more anomalous years in winter mainly in the 1950s. The results show that there was a decreasing trend in total annual mean cloudiness and low cloudiness.
2007, 35(6):822-826.
Abstract:
The climate background for high temperature is defined on the basis of the statistic analysis of the distribution characteristics, times, and intensity of high temperature weather (greater than 35 ℃) in Changzhi from June to August, 1977 to 2004. By analyzing the circulation at 500 hPa, four kinds of favorable circulation patterns are found: two troughs and one ridge, zonal circulation pattern, continental warm high, and subtropical high. The relation between weather factors (such as wind, clouds, precipitation, etc.) and high temperature weather is analyzed. A comprehensive model for forecasting high temperature is thus devised by selecting index stations of high temperature at 850 hPa and analyzing numerical forecast products, which plays an active role in the operational meteorological service.
The climate background for high temperature is defined on the basis of the statistic analysis of the distribution characteristics, times, and intensity of high temperature weather (greater than 35 ℃) in Changzhi from June to August, 1977 to 2004. By analyzing the circulation at 500 hPa, four kinds of favorable circulation patterns are found: two troughs and one ridge, zonal circulation pattern, continental warm high, and subtropical high. The relation between weather factors (such as wind, clouds, precipitation, etc.) and high temperature weather is analyzed. A comprehensive model for forecasting high temperature is thus devised by selecting index stations of high temperature at 850 hPa and analyzing numerical forecast products, which plays an active role in the operational meteorological service.
2007, 35(6):827-831.
Abstract:
In order to study the effect of meteorological parameters on human comfort, the probability distribution, interannual variation, and intermonthly variation of human comfortability in Nanjing, and the relationship between meteorological parameters and PET hysiological equivalent temperature) are analyzed by means of the MEMI (Munich Energy balance Model for Individuals) model. The results show that: (1) the occurrence probabilities of various thermal perception classes vary greatly, and there are fluctuations in the interannual distribution of human comfortability and evident difference in the intermonthly distribution. (2) PET shows a linear growth with increasing temperature, and the increasing rate is the biggest when wind velocity is 1 m/s in cloudy weather; (3) PET also exhibits a linear growth with increasing mean radiant temperature, and the increasing rate is the biggest when temperature is high (25 to 40 ℃); (4) there is a nonlinear decreasing relationship between PET and wind velocity, and the decrease rate, decreasing gradually with increasing wind velocity, is bigger in cold weather and the least in hot and overcast weather. (5) PET increases with increasing relative humidity evidently in hot weather.
In order to study the effect of meteorological parameters on human comfort, the probability distribution, interannual variation, and intermonthly variation of human comfortability in Nanjing, and the relationship between meteorological parameters and PET hysiological equivalent temperature) are analyzed by means of the MEMI (Munich Energy balance Model for Individuals) model. The results show that: (1) the occurrence probabilities of various thermal perception classes vary greatly, and there are fluctuations in the interannual distribution of human comfortability and evident difference in the intermonthly distribution. (2) PET shows a linear growth with increasing temperature, and the increasing rate is the biggest when wind velocity is 1 m/s in cloudy weather; (3) PET also exhibits a linear growth with increasing mean radiant temperature, and the increasing rate is the biggest when temperature is high (25 to 40 ℃); (4) there is a nonlinear decreasing relationship between PET and wind velocity, and the decrease rate, decreasing gradually with increasing wind velocity, is bigger in cold weather and the least in hot and overcast weather. (5) PET increases with increasing relative humidity evidently in hot weather.
2007, 35(6):832-836.
Abstract:
The 72hour airborne pollen concentration (PMPC) prediction model is devised by using the observation data of pollen from the meteorological observing tower in the Hexi district of Tianjin from 1999 to 2004 and the conventional meteorological data. The different PMPC models are established by means of the multiple linear/nonlinear regression techniques with three schemes for the whole pollen season, spring, summer, and autumn, as well as for various stages, respectively. The comparisons are also conducted between various schemes and models. The results show that the multiple nonlinear regression method is better than that of linear one, and the variseason scheme is better than others, except that for summer.
The 72hour airborne pollen concentration (PMPC) prediction model is devised by using the observation data of pollen from the meteorological observing tower in the Hexi district of Tianjin from 1999 to 2004 and the conventional meteorological data. The different PMPC models are established by means of the multiple linear/nonlinear regression techniques with three schemes for the whole pollen season, spring, summer, and autumn, as well as for various stages, respectively. The comparisons are also conducted between various schemes and models. The results show that the multiple nonlinear regression method is better than that of linear one, and the variseason scheme is better than others, except that for summer.
2007, 35(6):837-840.
Abstract:
The relationship between the daily number of people with heatstroke and meteorological factors is studied by using the interval averaging method on the basis of the daily heat stroke case data and meteorological data from 1994 to 1998 in Wuhan. The results reveal that maximum air temperature is the key factor for the occurrence of daily heat stoke events, and relative humidity and total cloud cover are also relevant factors; the daily mean number of people with heat stroke increases exponentially with increasing daily maximum air temperature, slowly from 31 ℃ to 34 ℃ and abruptly from 35 ℃ to 39 ℃. A simple fivegrade criterion for heat stroke is devised, and five weather types and the corresponding indexes for heat strokes are determined according to the analysis and the combined types of daily maximum air temperature with daily relative humidity, minimum air temperature, and total cloud cover, which can be used as an important supplement for the grading prediction of heatstroke indexes and can be applied to the whole Yangtze Drainage Basin.
The relationship between the daily number of people with heatstroke and meteorological factors is studied by using the interval averaging method on the basis of the daily heat stroke case data and meteorological data from 1994 to 1998 in Wuhan. The results reveal that maximum air temperature is the key factor for the occurrence of daily heat stoke events, and relative humidity and total cloud cover are also relevant factors; the daily mean number of people with heat stroke increases exponentially with increasing daily maximum air temperature, slowly from 31 ℃ to 34 ℃ and abruptly from 35 ℃ to 39 ℃. A simple fivegrade criterion for heat stroke is devised, and five weather types and the corresponding indexes for heat strokes are determined according to the analysis and the combined types of daily maximum air temperature with daily relative humidity, minimum air temperature, and total cloud cover, which can be used as an important supplement for the grading prediction of heatstroke indexes and can be applied to the whole Yangtze Drainage Basin.
2007, 35(6):841-844.
Abstract:
In order to discus the relationship between the incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and meteorological factors in different areas across China, the monthtomonth data of COPD suffers treated in hospital, the data from the logs of the hospitals in the China Monitoring Traditionalmedicaltreatment Hospital System from January 2003 to December 2004 in Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Nanning, and the correspondingperiod meteorologicaldata are collected and analyzed. The seasonal distribution and regional diversity of the incidence of COPD are presented. Obviously North China has a high incidence rate, and South China has a low incidence. The correlation coefficient between the monthly incidence of COPD and meteorological factors are analyzed. The high incidence of COPD in winter corresponds with low temperature and high pressure, but the incidence in summer is related to the adaptation of local people to hot and humid weather. Relative humidity in summer has good indicative significance to the incidence of COPD.
In order to discus the relationship between the incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and meteorological factors in different areas across China, the monthtomonth data of COPD suffers treated in hospital, the data from the logs of the hospitals in the China Monitoring Traditionalmedicaltreatment Hospital System from January 2003 to December 2004 in Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Nanning, and the correspondingperiod meteorologicaldata are collected and analyzed. The seasonal distribution and regional diversity of the incidence of COPD are presented. Obviously North China has a high incidence rate, and South China has a low incidence. The correlation coefficient between the monthly incidence of COPD and meteorological factors are analyzed. The high incidence of COPD in winter corresponds with low temperature and high pressure, but the incidence in summer is related to the adaptation of local people to hot and humid weather. Relative humidity in summer has good indicative significance to the incidence of COPD.
2007, 35(6):845-848.
Abstract:
On the basis of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation index and meteorological data from April of 2003 to June of 2006 from Shangqiu, the monthly variation and daily variation of UV index in Shangqiu are analyzed, and the correlation coefficients between UV index and total cloud amount, visibility, temperature and relative humidity are calculated. The results show that: (1) the maximum UV index was in July and August, and the minimum was in January and February; (2) the daily variation of UV index followed the normal istribution, and the strongest period was from 11:00 to 14:00, in which the UV index was higher than 6; (3) the UV index showed good correlation with total cloud amount, visibility, temperature and relative humidity.
On the basis of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation index and meteorological data from April of 2003 to June of 2006 from Shangqiu, the monthly variation and daily variation of UV index in Shangqiu are analyzed, and the correlation coefficients between UV index and total cloud amount, visibility, temperature and relative humidity are calculated. The results show that: (1) the maximum UV index was in July and August, and the minimum was in January and February; (2) the daily variation of UV index followed the normal istribution, and the strongest period was from 11:00 to 14:00, in which the UV index was higher than 6; (3) the UV index showed good correlation with total cloud amount, visibility, temperature and relative humidity.
2007, 35(6):849-852.
Abstract:
Based on the climatic and topographic factors, an expert classifier is used to make an agroclimatic regionalization of Beijing Pear. The results indicate that the optimum planting areas of Beijing pear are around the retuse hills near Pinggu, Miyun, Huairou, Changping, Mengtougou and Fangshan. Compared with other classifiers, the expert classifier has significant advantage and practicabi lity in agroclimatic regionalization, since it makes full use of the experts' knowledge, experiences and the scientific researches in achieving an objective and comprehensive regionalization.
Based on the climatic and topographic factors, an expert classifier is used to make an agroclimatic regionalization of Beijing Pear. The results indicate that the optimum planting areas of Beijing pear are around the retuse hills near Pinggu, Miyun, Huairou, Changping, Mengtougou and Fangshan. Compared with other classifiers, the expert classifier has significant advantage and practicabi lity in agroclimatic regionalization, since it makes full use of the experts' knowledge, experiences and the scientific researches in achieving an objective and comprehensive regionalization.
2007, 35(6):853-857.
Abstract:
The public opinions on meteorological service benefit are analyzed with public investigation data. By means of the “will to payment” investigation method, the yearly payment and savings and the number of dials are analyzed. It is indicated that in Anhui Province, a economically underdeveloped region, the public would like to pay 1, 170 million to buy weather forecasts every year; and weather forecast service can benefit 0.51 percent of GDP for the whole province every year. Meanwhile, the distribution of the inquired public, their satisfaction and demands are analyzed. The quantitative assessment and analysis of the benefits of meteorological service are carried out.
The public opinions on meteorological service benefit are analyzed with public investigation data. By means of the “will to payment” investigation method, the yearly payment and savings and the number of dials are analyzed. It is indicated that in Anhui Province, a economically underdeveloped region, the public would like to pay 1, 170 million to buy weather forecasts every year; and weather forecast service can benefit 0.51 percent of GDP for the whole province every year. Meanwhile, the distribution of the inquired public, their satisfaction and demands are analyzed. The quantitative assessment and analysis of the benefits of meteorological service are carried out.
2007, 35(6):858-861.
Abstract:
The telephone service of meteorological information is a kind of mixed public goods that is monopolized by the meteorological department. The meteorological department is apt to impose a certain fee on the service as compensation. The price is determined by either the requirement or the pricing policy of the government. On the basis of the analysis of the relationships among the supply, demand and price of telephone service for meteorological information, the pricing model is established and discussed.
The telephone service of meteorological information is a kind of mixed public goods that is monopolized by the meteorological department. The meteorological department is apt to impose a certain fee on the service as compensation. The price is determined by either the requirement or the pricing policy of the government. On the basis of the analysis of the relationships among the supply, demand and price of telephone service for meteorological information, the pricing model is established and discussed.
2007, 35(6):862-866.
Abstract:
The analysis on the basis of the hydrometeorological observation data in Heilongjiang Province shows that the spatialtemporal distribution characteristics of mountain torrents are in agreement with those of heavy rainfall. The rain amounts of 3 hours, 24 hours and 10 days before a mountain torrent are most crucial for the occurrence of mountain torrents. The climate conditions and excessive deforestation are closely related to the occurrence of mountain torrents. Since the 1980s, the climate in Heilongjiang has become warm, and the number of heavy rains has increased obviously. Based on the mechanisms of landslides, debris flows, and soil erosion, in combination with the characteristics of mountain torrents in Heilongjiang Province, the conceptual models, weight index, and grades for mountain torrents are presented.
The analysis on the basis of the hydrometeorological observation data in Heilongjiang Province shows that the spatialtemporal distribution characteristics of mountain torrents are in agreement with those of heavy rainfall. The rain amounts of 3 hours, 24 hours and 10 days before a mountain torrent are most crucial for the occurrence of mountain torrents. The climate conditions and excessive deforestation are closely related to the occurrence of mountain torrents. Since the 1980s, the climate in Heilongjiang has become warm, and the number of heavy rains has increased obviously. Based on the mechanisms of landslides, debris flows, and soil erosion, in combination with the characteristics of mountain torrents in Heilongjiang Province, the conceptual models, weight index, and grades for mountain torrents are presented.
2007, 35(6):867-871.
Abstract:
Tropical cyclones and extratropical explosive cyclones are the most hazard weather systems threatening the safety of ships at sea. It is a basic guarantee for safety management and economic benefits for the marine industry to avoid tropical cyclones and explosive cyclone safely and effectively and minimize their effects on ships. A technique of avoiding tropical cyclones based on the target circles for tropical cyclone track forecast is put forward on the basis of the experiences of ship navigation for avoiding tropical cyclones at sea in the past years. An example of successfully routing is presented with detailed explanation on the basic principles, procedures and key techniques. According to the statistical data on the utility assessment, this technique is of great value in ap plication. This technique also applies to cases for avoiding explosive cyclones for vessels.
Tropical cyclones and extratropical explosive cyclones are the most hazard weather systems threatening the safety of ships at sea. It is a basic guarantee for safety management and economic benefits for the marine industry to avoid tropical cyclones and explosive cyclone safely and effectively and minimize their effects on ships. A technique of avoiding tropical cyclones based on the target circles for tropical cyclone track forecast is put forward on the basis of the experiences of ship navigation for avoiding tropical cyclones at sea in the past years. An example of successfully routing is presented with detailed explanation on the basic principles, procedures and key techniques. According to the statistical data on the utility assessment, this technique is of great value in ap plication. This technique also applies to cases for avoiding explosive cyclones for vessels.
2007, 35(6):872-876.
Abstract:
A new system for measuring wind energy resources for wind farms is introduced. The system is modulized in design and achieves the remote measurement of gradient winds by means of the data collecting module with the field bus and wireless communication technology. This system can measure the meteorological elements needed for wind energy resource assessment for wind farms, and make data reports according to the national standards. Through a oneyear test and data analysis, the system has proved efficacious for measuring the wind energy resources to improve the capability of developing meteorology service.
A new system for measuring wind energy resources for wind farms is introduced. The system is modulized in design and achieves the remote measurement of gradient winds by means of the data collecting module with the field bus and wireless communication technology. This system can measure the meteorological elements needed for wind energy resource assessment for wind farms, and make data reports according to the national standards. Through a oneyear test and data analysis, the system has proved efficacious for measuring the wind energy resources to improve the capability of developing meteorology service.
2007, 35(6):877-881.
Abstract:
Based on the vertically integrated liquid (VIL) water, a statistic analysis of the evolvement and development of VIL before the disastrous winds is made by using the volume scan data of Tianjin CINRADSA Doppler weather radar in combination with the reports of disastrous wind and observational data. The results show that a VIL value of 30 kg/m2 can be regarded as the threshold of disas trous winds and 40 kg/m2 as the forecasting index. The rapid decreasing VIL after the maximum indicates the beginning of disastrous winds， and the subsequent jumping change can be acted as the symbol of the beginning of disastrous winds. The verification suggests that these warning indexes are not only practicable but also adjustable with time. Before the beginning of disastrous winds， orecasters have 12 to 18 minutes to issue shorttime,nowcasting weather forecast.
Based on the vertically integrated liquid (VIL) water, a statistic analysis of the evolvement and development of VIL before the disastrous winds is made by using the volume scan data of Tianjin CINRADSA Doppler weather radar in combination with the reports of disastrous wind and observational data. The results show that a VIL value of 30 kg/m2 can be regarded as the threshold of disas trous winds and 40 kg/m2 as the forecasting index. The rapid decreasing VIL after the maximum indicates the beginning of disastrous winds， and the subsequent jumping change can be acted as the symbol of the beginning of disastrous winds. The verification suggests that these warning indexes are not only practicable but also adjustable with time. Before the beginning of disastrous winds， orecasters have 12 to 18 minutes to issue shorttime,nowcasting weather forecast.
2007, 35(6):882-885.
Abstract:
By using the temperature and precipitation data from 11 counties in Dezhou，the aridityies of climate from 1981 to 2005 are calculated and compared with those from 1951 to 1980. The aridity increased from 1.45 to 1.64, and the city has become semiarid from semihumid climate. Meanwhile, the precipitation reduced by 19.64 mm per 10 years averagely in all counties. But the temperature is rising with an increase rate of 0.11 per 10 years averagely, and 0.3 degree per 10 years in winter. Significant warming is found in winter. The northern part has become frozen zone from subfrozen zone. Because of the climatic condition chan ge, the local environment and the corresponding types of the adjustment of local corrosive media standards are changed from Category 2 to Category 1, with corrosive media index adjustment coefficients being 0.9.
By using the temperature and precipitation data from 11 counties in Dezhou，the aridityies of climate from 1981 to 2005 are calculated and compared with those from 1951 to 1980. The aridity increased from 1.45 to 1.64, and the city has become semiarid from semihumid climate. Meanwhile, the precipitation reduced by 19.64 mm per 10 years averagely in all counties. But the temperature is rising with an increase rate of 0.11 per 10 years averagely, and 0.3 degree per 10 years in winter. Significant warming is found in winter. The northern part has become frozen zone from subfrozen zone. Because of the climatic condition chan ge, the local environment and the corresponding types of the adjustment of local corrosive media standards are changed from Category 2 to Category 1, with corrosive media index adjustment coefficients being 0.9.
2007, 35(6):886-889.
Abstract:
The unascertained measure model is a new evaluation method. By using the model, in combination with a case study, the influences of meteorological factors on the traffic safety over expressway are analyzed, and the establishment of the influence assessment index system and the calculation of index weights are discussed through analyzing the experimental results. The identifying criterions of confidence levels are applied to judge the influence grades of meteorological factors on the traffic safety of the expressway.
The unascertained measure model is a new evaluation method. By using the model, in combination with a case study, the influences of meteorological factors on the traffic safety over expressway are analyzed, and the establishment of the influence assessment index system and the calculation of index weights are discussed through analyzing the experimental results. The identifying criterions of confidence levels are applied to judge the influence grades of meteorological factors on the traffic safety of the expressway.
2007, 35(6):890-893.
Abstract:
Based on the observational data of daily maximum temperature, precipitation and maximum wind speed during Olympic Games and blowing dust, heavy fog, thunderstorm and hail weather during August from 1951 to 2006 in Tianjin, the probabilities and distribution characteristics of the extreme weather/climate events such as high temperature, rainstorm, gale, heavy fog and thunderstorm, which is disadvantageous to sports competition， are analyzed in order to provide meteorological support for football games in Tianjin during the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. The results show that the occurrence probabilities of high temperature, rainstorm, thunderstorm， and heavy fog are higher， while the occurrence probabilities of gale, blowing dust and hail are lower.
Based on the observational data of daily maximum temperature, precipitation and maximum wind speed during Olympic Games and blowing dust, heavy fog, thunderstorm and hail weather during August from 1951 to 2006 in Tianjin, the probabilities and distribution characteristics of the extreme weather/climate events such as high temperature, rainstorm, gale, heavy fog and thunderstorm, which is disadvantageous to sports competition， are analyzed in order to provide meteorological support for football games in Tianjin during the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. The results show that the occurrence probabilities of high temperature, rainstorm, thunderstorm， and heavy fog are higher， while the occurrence probabilities of gale, blowing dust and hail are lower.
External LinksChina Meteorological AdministrationCMA Meteorological Observation CentreChinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing Meteorological ServiceNational Satellite Meteorological Center
You are thevisitors
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.