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Foehn wind is a special meteorological phenomenon that occurs on the leeward side of mountains, often leading to a sudden increase in temperature, a decrease in water vapour, and an increase in wind speed. The zenith total delay (ZTD) of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals can be used to retrieve atmospheric precipitable water vapour (PWV), which has significant application value in the field of meteorology. However, there is a lack of GNSS data analysis research focused on foehn wind processes in our country. This study analyses a typical foehn wind event based on automatic weather station (AWS) and GNSS observation data from Beijing and surrounding provinces and cities, examining the changes in meteorological elements during this process and the characteristics of GNSS water vapour. During the passage of the foehn wind, significant changes in meteorological elements were observed at the plain stations, with the influence of the foehn wind weakening as the distance from the mountainous area increased. In terms of GNSS water vapour characteristics, the passage of the foehn wind resulted in a reduction of water vapour, with changes in PWV being more pronounced than those in ZTD. Using the PWV/ZTD difference from stations at different elevation differences better reflected the characteristics of water vapour reduction caused by the foehn wind. This study suggests that the foehn wind had a significant impact on the meteorological elements and water vapour distribution in the Beijing plain area, and that GNSS data could effectively monitor the changes in water vapour during the foehn wind process. This research provides a reference for using GNSS data to conduct monitoring and related studies on foehn winds.