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Lightning protection is a measure taken to prevent and reduce material losses and loss of life or personal injury caused by lightning strikes. Lightning protection facilities are easily affected by the external environment and their decreasing performance. Therefore, it is of great significance to evaluate the protection ability of lightning protection measures scientifically to ensure and improve the protection effect. The advantages and disadvantages of fault tree analysis, Bayesian network evaluation, neural network, failure mode analysis, Kent score, and principal component analysis are discussed. Based on the characteristics of coupling and fuzziness of lightning protection measures and the requirement of reasonably determining evaluation index weight, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation based on improved analytic hierarchy process is proposed. According to the relevant technical standards and norms of lightning protection, considering the impact of the lightning environment, carrier characteristics, and natural factors, an evaluation index system of lightning protection capability with 6 primary indexes and 17 secondary indexes is established. The weights of each index are calculated by establishing a comparison matrix, calculating importance ranking index, constructing a judgment matrix, calculating a transfer matrix, constructing an optimal transfer matrix, calculating a quasi-optimal consistent matrix, solving the feature vector, and so on. The evaluation set and membership matrix of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are established, and the single index fuzzy evaluation is carried out by using the weight vector and membership matrix corresponding to the evaluation level. The multi-index fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is carried out by using a new matrix composed of a single index evaluation vector and an index weight vector. The evaluation grade of lightning protection capability is determined by the principle of maximum membership degree. This method is used to evaluate the lightning protection ability of the oil and gas gathering station library containing an inflammable and explosive production area, information control function area, and power system function area. The evaluation level is consistent with the actual situation and related literature cases, indicating the applicability and correctness of the method, and providing guidance for the improvement of lightning protection measures and lightning protection ability.