Based on the groundbased heliograph data from 2007 to 2010, the accuracy test of the MODIS C6 AOD product is made. It is found that: the correlation coefficient between them is 085; the standard deviation and the mean relative deviation are 028 and 027, respectively. The accuracy of the MODIS C6 AOD product meets the requirements of the research. Then the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of aerosol optical depth in Guangdong Province are analyzed. The results show that: (1) the AOD value in spatial distribution can be showed in a descending order: Pearl River Delta, eastern Guangdong, western Guangdong, and northern Guangdong. In the Pearl River Delta region, Foshan, Dongguan, and Zhongshan have the biggest AOD in the whole province; (2) the seasonal variation: spring was the highest AOD value period, then summer and autumn, and winter was the lowest; (3) from 2003 to 2016, the annual AOD showed a descending trend in fluctuation. The average annual AOD value of 2012 was the highest, and that of 2007 was the second. The lowest value is found in 2016, and that of 2015 was a little bigger than that of 2016