Atmospheric particles have many adverse influences on the environment, climate and human health due to their physical and chemical properties, such as adsorption, moisture and light absorption and scattering. Along with the development of electron and computer technology, the observation of the microstructure of atmospheric particles and the microstructural analysis of elements are made possible by ESEM and Xray Energy Dispersive Microanalysis (EDS). An introduction is conducted on the basic principles and functions of ESEM, and the application of ESEM in meteorological service. Taking the atmospheric particles produced by pyrotechnics in weather modification operation as an example, the microstructure and chemical properties of atmospheric particles is studied.