暈渲圖技術在氣象模式數據可視化上的應用
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寧波市重點研發計劃(2023Z139)、寧波市公益性科技計劃項目(2022S181)和浙江省氣象科技計劃項目(2022ZD26)共同資助


Application of Relief Shading Method in Meteorological Model Data Visualization
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    摘要:

    暈渲法根據山體陰影值的原理,利用光照角度和方向、坡度和坡向的關系來計算光通量的明暗值,利用色調的明暗來展現氣象模式數據的立體感。暈渲圖的著色方法是將每個格點上的明暗值作為HSV色彩模式中的明度,結合飽和度和色度獲得HSV色彩值,再通過HSV色彩模式和RGB色彩模型之間的轉換,使用RGB色彩模型進行著色,實現氣象模式數據彩色暈渲圖的繪制。本文在氣象模式數據的可視化工作中,利用暈渲圖技術,實現對物理概念上與地形類似的氣壓、位勢高度等數據的三維繪制。相比于傳統的等值線填色方法,暈渲圖技術能夠直觀表現大氣形勢場的立體分布,以凹凸效果表現高低值天氣系統,通過坡面的陡度體現天氣系統的梯度變化;能夠展現數據的像素級細節,識別梯度較小的渦流擾動,顯示等效地形影響,幫助氣象工作者更好地解釋數據,為氣象模式中數據處理的改進提供參考。

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    By introducing the relief shading method, which is often used in making the topographic maps, into the visualisation of numerical weather forecast data, this article presents the achievement in three-dimensional drawing of meteorological variables, such as air pressure and geopotential height. Based on the principle and implementation of hill shading, which uses the relationship between the illumination angle, the direction, the slope, and the orientation of the terrain to calculate the brightness value of luminous flux, the relief shading method makes use of the brightness value to display the three-dimensional sense of meteorological model data. At the same height, the steeper the terrain, the darker (brighter) the shaded (sunny) side; under the same slope, the higher the terrain, the darker (brighter) the shaded (sunny) side, which is consistent with the real-life visual effect. The colouring method of the shaded relief map is to use the brightness value (V) in the HSV colour space which is calculated on each grid point, combined with hue (H) and saturation (S) to obtain a complete HSV colour scheme. Through the conversion from the HSV colour space to the RGB colour space, the latter colour space is used for drawing a coloured shaded relief map for meteorological model data. In the shaded relief map, the high-pressure centre in the weather system is often shown as a raised peak, and the low pressure is shown as a depressed valley; a large pressure gradient can be seen as a steep slope, while a small pressure gradient can be seen as a gentle slope. Compared with the traditional isoline and colour filling analysis, it is found that the shaded relief map can help to identify high-low weather systems by concave-convex shapes and reflects the gradient changes of weather systems through the steepness of slope, thus intuitively representing the three-dimensional distribution of atmospheric circulation. In addition, the shaded relief map has the ability to visualise model data in pixel level details, identify early eddy current disturbances in small gradients, and reveal equivalent terrain effects, which helps the meteorologists better interpret the model data and provides the references for the improvements of data process functions in numerical models. Furthermore, the relief shading method is suitable for using the synthetic animations to showcase the fluid characteristics of atmospheric motion, which is conducive to popularising the concept of various weather systems, such as the high, the low, the trough and ridge, and their evolution to the public.

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沃偉峰,王巖,趙昶昱,徐蓉,徐迪峰.暈渲圖技術在氣象模式數據可視化上的應用[J].氣象科技,2024,52(3):318~329

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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-17
  • 定稿日期:2024-02-02
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  • 在線發布日期: 2024-06-25
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